Alcaraz, 19, is among the favourites for the men's singles title after a stunning start to 2022.
After edging a tight opening set, Alcaraz eventually took command and wrapped up a 6-4 6-2 6-0 victory.
Canadian ninth seed Felix Auger-Aliassime came back from two sets down against qualifier Juan Pablo Varillas.
The 21-year-old survived a huge scare on Court Philippe Chatrier after Peruvian world number 122 Varillas made a dream start on his Grand Slam debut.
Auger-Aliassime eventually prevailed 2-6 2-6 6-1 6-3 6-3 to end his wait for a main-draw victory at Roland Garros.
Germany's Alexander Zverev also progressed with a straight-set win over Sebastian Ofner.
The third seed, 25, beat Austrian qualifier Ofner 6-2 6-4 6-4 and will play Serb Dusan Lajovic or Argentine Sebastian Baez in round two.
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